LA CAMPANELLA KINDERGARTENS | LANCIANO CH
Birth of Kindergartens
In order to better understand the history of La Campanella cre’che in Lanciano, in addition to it’s local context, it’s necessary to trace the broader historical and cultural, Italian and European history of the birth, development and transformation of this particular institution designed for early childhood, which initially had the function of a care and custodial institution and only later evolved into a type of structure that also had an educational function. Unlike other childcare facilities, the birth of the crèche is not pedagogically, but socially motivated. The crèche was born out of the need to create a place to care for and look after children under the age of three, to meet the needs of working mothers.
Maternity, especially maternity in distress and the possible child situation of risk and degradation, began to be taken into consideration in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. In Italy, it was the Italian intellectual of Catholic extraction, more sensitive to social issues, who made possible the first experiences of Kindergartens facilities that could care for mothers of poor families supporting them in the care and upbringing of their young children.
The first charity Kindergarten for children was opened in Cremona in 1829 by the Cremonese priest Ferrante aporti. Aporti’s Kindergartens were aimed firstly st preventing begging and vagrancy and secondly at preparing boys and girls for elementary education, taking care of their physical, intellectual and moral development. Very little space was given to play and creativity. Aportian Kindergartens resembled real “schools” to play with boys and girls sitting in desks and with desks arranged on tiers to make better use of the little space available.
Priority was given to tradition teaching activities, while play was replaced by craft activities for boys and home economics for girls.
The first real care initiatives for boys and girls from 0 to 3 years of age took place in Italy from the 1840-1850 decade. The Milanese educator Giuseppe Sacchi.
After having contributed to the foundation of infant schools, initiated the project of the “Pio ricovero per bambini lattanti”, wich opened in Milan in 1850, a year that can be considered the begining of early childhood welfare institutions.
These shelters were primarily intended for the care of the children of workers permanently employed in the city’s manufactures and factories. Sacchis New institution wos started in collaboration with Laura Solera Mantegazza, Who acted as inspector in Milan’s first crèche and wos it’s true animator taking care of the organisation of the institutes life, coordinating the custodial staff and relations with the outside word, and ensuring that it became a city institution and not just limited to the private sphere of financing.
Following the sack model, the “shelters” alsow known as cribs from the French crèche spread to many cities, especially in the north, in the second half of the 19th century.
The main beneficiaries were home workes silk spinners, maids, seamstresses and daily wage earners employed by the workers in the nascent large factories,who had to leave their workplaces tree or four times a day in order to reach the place where they could breast feed them.
Precisely in order to solve the problem of absences of working mothers for breast-feeding, at the same time as “cribs”, wich had a territorial character, there was a certain diffusion of “company crèchers”, i.e. facilities organised within the factories, in order to look after the children of employees and allow breastfeeding with the least amount of time.
Summarising what has been summarised so far, it is reiterated that educational institutions for children under the age of three came into being for welfare purposes and linked to the problem of breastfeeding, with out any educational concerns and it must be added that, seen from the side of the users, the “company crèche” and the “company nursery” rapresented a social stigma,an indicator of provision from a low social background. In the institutions the mother and the cchild caredfor in them were treated as a demographic and health problem and no specific professional training was required of the female staff acting as mothers.
The National Maturity and Childhood Opera
Nurseries got a big boost with the birth of the opera national maturity and infantry (ONMI). An organisation with the arm of supporting working from the poor class. The ONMI task was not only to open and manage creches, the ONMI was in fact the first major parastatal organisation with the aim of promoting welfare initiatives and giving “political” Answers for the protection and absence of motherhood and childhood, always seen as an incredible pair.
La Campanella Lanciano
Birth of Kindergartens in order to better understand the history of La Campanella cre’che in Lanciano, in addition to it’s local context, it’s necessary to trace the broader historical and cultural Italian and European history of the birth, development and trasformation of this particular institution designed for early childhood, wich initially had the function of a care and custodial institution and only later evolved into a type of structure that also had an educational function. Unlike other childcare facilities, the birth of the crèche was born out of the mother house need to create a place to care for and look after children under the age of three, to meet the needs of working mothers. Maternity, especially maternity in distress and the possible child situation of risk and degradation, began to be taken into consideration in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. In Italy it was the Italian intellectual of Catholic extraction, more sensitive to social issues, who made possible the first experience of kindergarten facilities that could care for mothers of poor families supporting them in the care and upbringing of their young children. The first charity Kindergarten for children was opened in Cremona in 1829 by the Cremonese priest Ferrante aporti. Aporti’s Kindergartens were aimed fistly preventing begging and vagrancy and secondly at preparing boys and girls for elementary education,taking care of their physical intellectual and moral development.very little space was given to play and creativity. Aportian Kindergartens resembled real schools to play with boys and girls sitting in desks and with desks arranged on tiers to make better use of the little space available. Priority wos given to tradition teaching activities while play was replaced by craft activities for boys and home economics for girls. The first real care initiatives for boys and girls from 0 to 3 years of age took place in Italy from the 1840-1850 decade. The Milanese educator Giuseppe Sacchi, After having contributed to the foundation of infant schools, initiated the project of the “un ricovero per bambini lattanti” wich opened in Milano in 1850 a year that can be considered the begining of early childhood welfare institutions. These shelters were primarily intended for the care of the children of workers permanently employed in the city’s manufactures and factory. Sacchis new institutions wos started in collaboration with Laura Solera Mantegazza, Who acted as inspector in Milan’s first crèche and was it’s true animator taking care of the organisation of the institutes life, coordinating the custodial staff and relations with the outside wurd, and ensuring that it became a city institution and no just limited to the private sphere of financing. Following the sack model, the “shelters” alsow known as cribs from the French cre’che spread to many cities, especially in the north, in the second half of the 19th century. The main beneficiaries were home workers silk spinners, maids, seamstresses and daily wage earners employed by the workers in the nascent large factories, who had to leave their workplaces tree o four times a day in order to rich the place were they could breast feed them. Precisely in order to solve the problems of absences of working mothers for breastfeeding at the same time as cribs, wich had a territorial character, there was a certain diffusion of company crèchers, i.e. facilities organised within the factories, in order to look after the children of employees and allow breastfeeding with the least amount of time. Summarising what has been summarised so far, it is reiterated that educational institutions for children under the age of three came into being for welfare purposes and linked to the problem of breastfeeding, with out any educational concerns and it must be added that, seen from the side of the users, the company crèche and the company nursery rapresented a social stigma, an indicator of provision from a low social background. In the institutions the mother and the child cared for in them were treated as a demographic and health problem and no specific professional training was required of the female staff The social welfare of the child in life le repression of abuses and abnormalities the care and protection of material and mortality abandoned children the prevention of vagrancy and criminality of the minors the re education of midguided children the treatment of delinquents parliamentary acts senate of the Kingdom Legisl.XXVII documents bills and reports, doc. N79 is for as woman’s are concerned the foot should have been on the function of maternity, pregnancy childbirth preparation and breast fiding and the childhood Which is not limited to the time of best feeding and the second year of Life as some believe but distinguished by physiologists into the three periods first seconds and school Age up to puberty il Which adolescent leads to youth parliamentary acts senate of the Kingdom legislative decree XXVII documents bill and reports Doc No. 79-A. Despite this plethora of functions that ranged from social issues to procreative medical Matters, in spite of this letter of functions that runged from social problems to strictly medical issues the workers claimed a specific technical profile for themselves the ONMI staff was made up of specialists in paediatrics a professional formalised in 1932 midwifery film 1937 the team midwife took the place of midwife otlalingology dermosyphilopathy and later child neuropsychiatry. In order to train stuff courses were made compulsory for medical graduates and midwives to be held at institutions with the facilities for pratical training infant home orphanages paediatric and obstetric clinnics. In 1932 the then ONMI director Sileno Fabbri started the construction of mother and child homes facilities dedicated to therapeutic and healthcare interventions in favour of motherhood and childhood. Il 1940 there were 9617 ONMI centers active throughout the country included those in Lanciano. The ONMI olso promoted the establishment of PSYCHOPEDAGOGICOL MEDICAL CENTERS IN 1946 to follow children. With severe mental abnormalities the tooh’s theoretical programme was set out in the pages of its official maternity and childhood magazine published in November 1926 antil it wos suppressed. This monthly bulletin edited by Attilio lo Monaco aprile aimed to spread greater hygiene awareness among the population and to publicise the institutions work. In short the main aims of the organisation repeatedly stated the in pages of maternity and childhood were the hygienic protection of motherhood through the rules of hygienic standards that were scarcely widespread and above all through the medicalisation of childbirth ,wich became established in the 1930, the moral and material protection of children and young people up to the age of majority and the education of motherhood. Whith the fall of Fascism the institutions was not dissolved but rather reorganized to cope with the emergency situation after the war. As the structural reason that had led to the creation of the opera il 1925 remained aggravated by the war, it was only officially suppressed on 31 DICEMBER 1975.
The Lanciano Tabacco factory
It was in 1932 that the municipality of Lanciano set up a nursery school and refectory for the national maternity and childhood work on the premises of villa Basile in viale cappuccini. In 1937 the municipality purchased land from Mattia Brasile along Viale Marconi, behind the tabacco Company factory, for the construction of the mother and child home. The body of the entire work, designed by the engineer Vincenzo De Cecco from Lanciano, was L.250.000 with the contribution of the national maternity and childhood work “a work of the regime that has always safeguarded the demographic increase and the protection of the race F.Carabba Lanciano.An story profile 1865-1940 pag. The construction of the mother and child’s house was closed linked to the activity of the Lanciano tabacco factory. The date of construction of the first nucleus of the Lanciano tabacco Company factory dates back to 1930 as can be seen from the application for authorisation to set up submitted to the Lanciano municipality building commission on 30 August 1930 to wich are attached plans and sections of the building designed by engineers Renzo Sippel of the A.T.I. technical office.The documentation is kept in the historical archives of the municipality of Lanciano location cat. X envelopes 38 file 75. Before the second world War, the Lanciano factory produced one million five hundred thousand kilogrammes of tabacco for year (from libera voce Lanciano 22 Aprile 1944), reaching One thousand two hundred hectares cultivated during the 1950 (report by the mayor of Lanciano on the occasion of the visit by the Ministry of Finance Giuseppe Trabucchi in 1962). In the immediate post-war period the A.T.I. factory in Lanciano employed seven hundred workers for the proceeding of the product, to exceed 1600 workers after just 10 years. Lav more and trigno is easy detectable from the data of the albeit with seasonal contracts (the plant operated on average 190 days a year) employment for around 1600 women. During the 1950 in a work that offered immigration as the only possibility for economic development, the A.T.I. factory in Lanciano was one of the most important activities in the economic panorama of the frentana area, given that the degree of industrialization in the province of Chieti was almost insignificant, considering only of small companies that were almost always artisan in character. The social implications of the presents of such a large activity were numerous significant. One most consider the impact that the possibility of working outside the home hadon the female universe, especially of the economically and culturaly lower class. The presents of the A.T.L.A. determined a non-negotiable acceleration of the emancipation processes of woman, to whom the opportunity of a job, albeit seasonal but well paed, offered the chance to break the family dynamics linked to the patriarchal culture and still dominant in our country side and to place them for the first time on an equal footing with me in terms of their contribution to the development of the family. It shouldn’t be underestimated on the other hand, how the tabacchi Company itself promoted the first social issues related to the world of women and how, on the order hand, the tabacchine were at the centre of all trade union claims and struggles, and these in the geografical and cultural are such as Abruzzo traditional considered marginal and back Word compared to the great national social phenomena. At the plant, the company canteen functions theatrical and cinematografiche outing took places and the workers were guaranteed medical, pharmaceutical, dental and health insurance assistance.In order to understand the effects on the population, it’s worth mentioning the unrest and riots of 1968-1968 wich are still deeply rooted in the collective memory today, with the occupation of the factory, the strikes and the veritable town revolt with the storming of public offices, wich was amply documented in the magazines of the time.
Lanciano’s Le Campanelle Kindergartens
The construction but above all the choice of the location outside the town centre of the Lanciano mother and child home was essentially dictaded by the presence in the same area of the tabacco Company factory, wich employed around 1600 worman some to whom came from countries adjacent to the town of Lanciano working women Who contributed to the family economy in an often decisive manner but who, by necessity had less time to take care of their often numerous offspring. The lacke of care service for working mothers in the early decades of the 20th century meant that their children could not receive the necessary care or breast milk. The ONMI tried to rememby these difficulties by setting up nurseries and breast-feeding rooms in factories, olso helping to combat the lack of hygiene in the environments in -wich new-born babies were exposed from the first days of life. The building that originally housed the mother and child home originally run by the opera national maternity and infants (national maternity and childhood work) today still houses the activities associated with raising and caring for kindergarten children named the bell today the school still fulfils it’s social role.It’s a building similar to the corridor scheme derived in the Italian tradition from the experience of rationalised schools and the tradition in architecture of the rigidly authorisation principles of the fascist period.The scheme is characterized by the succession of adjoining classrooms connected by linear corridors.This distribution privileges the space of the classroom that coincides with the only pedagogical space recognised as such, placing the socialisean spaces between classes relegated to the service corridors in a secondary position. The building has a basement and one above-ground level and is characterized by the presence of two emerging volumes containing the distribution functions. The elevations are articulated with the a single surface in elevation punctuated by two rows of windows placed in a regular manner on the facades and the crowing built by the under-cover cornice placed at the height of the floor level of the roofing slab almost simulation a floor band. There are no plinths or vertical elements such as lesion columns semi-columns anteriods portals cornices and vertical elements in general decorating the facedes of the building. The building presents an and flat roof. After the liberation, the building was used as a civil hospital despite the damage it suffered following the German retreat. The building was damaged as a resolult of wartime events. In this regard, an experts report dated 27-05-1946, updated to 18-06-1947, was found in the municipal historical archives, with an estimate of the total war damage of one billion one hundred millions lires. The last news of substantial work planned and carried out on the building dates back to September 1988, with a renovation carried out by the municipal administration, wich can be summarised as the replacement of internal and external fixtures, demolition and rebuilding of partitions, work on the bathroom and plaster restoration. To date the building has not been altered in it’s architectural composition or in the morphology of the facades and incongruous fritting and replacement of fixtures make it difficult to read the original architecture, although no substantial transformation has been carried out either on the layout or on the volumes or even on the facades.
